The decline in estrogen during menopause significantly impacts muscle protein synthesis, making it harder for women's bodies to build and maintain lean muscle mass
In addition, research done at the University of Connecticut, determined that carnitine increases the amount of testosterone receptors inside muscle cells
Thus, CTLs facilitate choline transport across the plasma and mitochondrial membranes, aiding in the production of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and betaine, respectively ( Figure 1 Figure 2 Once intracellular, choline is directed into various metabolic pathways, including 1) its oxidation to form mitochondrial betaine, 2) its acetylation to produce ACh, and 3) its initial phosphorylation followed by mobilization in the Kennedy pathway to generate cholie-containing phospholipids ( Figure 2 )
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Because this modification reflects intracellular energy flux, it is particularly relevant to cancers characterized by metabolic rewiring [19]