nayans transdermal glutathione Nayan Patel, PharmD, Founder of Auro Wellness and CEO of Central Drugs Compounding Pharmacy The Wellness Power of Glutathione

Funding This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) via the SFB/TRR205 (KF, SRB, AE-A, WT), the IRTG-2251/2 (NB, MT, KF, SRB, AE-A, WT), the IRTG-3019/1 (SRB, WT), and the Else Krner Fresenius-Stiftung (WT, 2025_EKES.07)

Mechanistically, GSH-Au NCs likely modulates redox balance by direct ROS scavenging (evidenced by reduced H 2 O 2 , O 2 , MDA, and EL) and transcriptional upregulation of AsA-GSH genes ( SOD , APX , GR , MDHAR , and DHAR ), consistent with Au NP effects [25,26,27]

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Oxidative damage may promote the development of these structural thyroid abnormalities

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