The permeability of the leak pathway can be better assessed ex vivo by measuring the flux of molecules from the luminal to the basolateral side such as EDTA, mannitol, sucrose, inulin and polyethylene glycols (PEG) or dextran molecules of variable sizes (ranging from 4 up to 20 KDa)
By chemically tethering the peptide to scaffolds (e.g., chitosan or PEG), researchers can create "bioactive" implants that drive stem cell differentiation toward the chondrogenic lineage
It would be interesting to unravel the sleep-related mechanisms regulated by VitB12 in future laboratory experiments
The neuromuscular consequences of ACh are normally mediated by postsynaptic nAChRs due to their high-affinity for nicotine
Eur J Med Res 30(1):715 Abdelnaser M, Attya ME, El-Rehany MA, Fathy M (2025b) Clemastine mitigates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in rats