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Direct Toxic Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Intestinal Milieu/Autoimmunity While there is little doubt, as this review has already demonstrated, that smoking is detrimental to treatment outcomes in IBD based on a multitude of observational data, there are remarkably few studies that have explored the underlying mechanisms of which and how particular constituents of tobacco smoking affect the intestinal milieu and/or relevant immune-inflammatory pathways

Retrieved April 25, 2006

Brigitte Gomperts and colleagues say it is not yet clear whether former smokers are at a similar increased risk of more severe infection and that this still needs to be investigated

Nicotine and Tobacco Research

That said, professional treatment for phantosmia varies depending on the underlying cause