Perceived health risks were assessed using the mean of six items 25,26 that asked participants to indicate on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = very low risk, 7 = very high risk) their risk of developing smoking-related health conditions (i.e., lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, emphysema, respiratory infections, and other cancers) from regular use of each study cigarette
The university Institutional Review Board (#849152) approved all procedures and the study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under NCT05157048
While there is certainly an image of them being smoked by rough, masculine rural delinquents or construction workers, college students trying to fit in have used them to act cool, which has led to the image of it being a brand for beginners to assert dominance as smokers
And anyone, Californian or not, can look up approved filters in the California Energy Commission database
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