doi:10.1186/s12890-019-0950-3 24
He is the editorial director of Perio-Implant Advisory and serves on the editorial advisory board of Dental Economics
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Figure 1 Effects on body weight and eating behavior in offspring In Western countries, it is maternal smoking during pregnancy rather than poverty that is the major cause of low birth weight (Power and Jefferis, Catch-up growth is normally observed in children exposed to intrauterine maternal smoking, and there is evidence linking maternal smoking and childhood obesity in offspring, especially those from the mothers who smoke during early pregnancy (Power and Jefferis, Smoking mothers tend to have a shorter breastfeeding period, which deprives the offspring of the protection provided by breast milk against future eating disorders (Gilchrist et al., Effects on brain energy homeostatic regulators Nicotine can have a profound impact on the developing fetal brain, via its ability to rapidly and fully pass across the placenta, with fetal concentrations 115% of maternal levels (Walker et al., Maternal smoking is clearly linked to abnormal hypothalamic gene expression of appetite regulators, with NPY and POMC gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus being significantly downregulated in the newborn primate following intrauterine nicotine exposure (Grove et al., per se
