We included studies in this meta-analysis that: (1) assessed gray matter using structural MRI, (2) reported a set of coordinates (i.e., foci) from a between-subjects contrast comparing smokers to matched nonsmoking participants, (3) reported coordinates in a defined stereotaxic space (i.e., Talairach or Montreal Neurological Institute [MNI]), (4) performed a whole-brain analysis, and (5) provided sufficient information regarding characterization of smoking behaviors (e.g., pack-years, Fagerstrm Test of Nicotine Dependence [FTND] scores, years smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day), basic demographics of the study samples (e.g., age, sex, N ), and data analysis strategies (e.g., smoothing parameters, statistical thresholds)
When Fred says, "I was wrong" (on "Betty Oshuwa"), he lets it ring, and I feel it fucking hard
However, the authors also note that further studies are underway
More than 1 in 4 (26.3%) youth e-cigarette users reported that they vape daily
This approach helps reduce nicotine exposure while satisfying cravings